| Nucleic Acids & Shapes | Gram (+) & Gram (+) & Osmosis | External & Internal Structures | Microbial Growth | Measuring Bacterial Growth |
| 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 |
| Final Question | ||||
Name the 3 differences between DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
Name the 3 differences between DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
- Type of Sugar (DNA lacks an OH- group)
- RNA contains Uracil instead of Thymine
- DNA is a 3-D Structure; RNA is single stranded
Name these scientists who discovered DNA's shape as 3-D Helix
Name these scientists who discovered DNA's shape as 3-D Helix
Watson & Crick
The pathogenic organism that is responsible for causing Cholera, a disease with a deadly symptom of life-threatening diarrhea, is this bacterial shape
The pathogenic organism that is responsible for causing Cholera, a disease with a deadly symptom of life-threatening diarrhea, is this bacterial shape
Vibrio - The "curved" rod
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an example of an organism with this shape
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an example of an organism with this shape
Coccobacillus - The "short, bumpy" rod
Correctly identify which picture is of a spirochete and explain reasoning
Correctly identify which picture is of a spirochete and explain reasoning
The picture on the right is the spirochete. This is due to the microbe on the left being spirillum due to having flagella (amphitrichous), which spirochete do not have. Spirochete move by the axial filaments contained within their periplasmic membranes.
On a Gram Stain test (Lab 3-7), Gram (+) would stain this color
On a Gram Stain test (Lab 3-7), Gram (+) would stain this color
Gram (+) would stain violet or purple in a Gram Stain test
Name this component found besides the thick peptidoglycan in Gram (+) cell walls
Name this component found besides the thick peptidoglycan in Gram (+) cell walls
Teichoic Acid
Explain why Gram (-) bacteria are less sensitive to antibiotics such as penicillins
Explain why Gram (-) bacteria are less sensitive to antibiotics such as penicillins
Gram (-) bacteria are less sensitive to antibiotics such as pencillins due to a protein they have in their outer mebranes called porins. Porins function to regulate which molecules (antibiotics, etc) enter and leave the cell, and contribute to antibiotic resistance.
Name the term to describe lots of solute outside relative to the inside of the bacterium
Name the term to describe lots of solute outside relative to the inside of the bacterium
Hypertonic - Water follows after solutes and moves down its concentration gradient (high to low), so within the cell there's a higher ratio of water and a lower ratio of solutes than outside. When water does this, the bacteria will shrivel up (plasmolysis).
Name the component in Gram (-) bacteria that contains the part responsible for causing fever and shock when blood-borne
Name the component in Gram (-) bacteria that contains the part responsible for causing fever and shock when blood-borne
LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) - Specificially Lipid A within LPS is an endotoxin which is responsible for those symptoms.
Name the form of the glycocalyx (sugar coat) that promotes the virility of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Name the form of the glycocalyx (sugar coat) that promotes the virility of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Capsule - It's the firmly, organized version of the glycocalyx (sugar coat) which promotes resistance to phagocytosis (cellular eating).
Name the component, called "the internal flagella", that is enclosed in the periplasmic membrane (the space between the cell wall and cell membrane) of spirochetes
Name the component, called "the internal flagella", that is enclosed in the periplasmic membrane (the space between the cell wall and cell membrane) of spirochetes
Axial Filament(s)
This component is found only in Gram (-) bacteria and they typically contain only 1-2 that is used in the process called Conjugation
This component is found only in Gram (-) bacteria and they typically contain only 1-2 that is used in the process called Conjugation
Pili- Composed of the protein pilin; Will never see as an external structure in eukaryotic cells
How much chromosome(s) do humans have vs prokaryotic (bacteria)?
How much chromosome(s) do humans have vs prokaryotic (bacteria)?
- Prokaryotic (bacteria) - Only have 1
- Eukaryotics (ex. humans) - 46
In Peptidoglycan, name the component targeted by Pencillins
In Peptidoglycan, name the component targeted by Pencillins
The "Cross-Bridges" or Hexapeptides
Defintion of microbial growth is that what increases?
Defintion of microbial growth is that what increases?
Cell number - Not the size
Name the bacterium genus that has a generation time of 12-18 hours
Name the bacterium genus that has a generation time of 12-18 hours
Mycobacterium
Solve for total number of cells.
Nt=No(2n)
No = Original # of cell; n = # of generation(s)
3 bacteria were put into a test tube. They have a generation time of 30 mins, and were put into the incubator for 2 hours.
Solve for total number of cells.
Nt=No(2n)
No = Original # of cell; n = # of generation(s)
3 bacteria were put into a test tube. They have a generation time of 30 mins, and were put into the incubator for 2 hours.
- No = 3
- n = 4
- Nt = 48
Name the phase where bacteria are "prepping"/preparing enzymes for binary fission
Name the phase where bacteria are "prepping"/preparing enzymes for binary fission
Lag Phase
Name the phase where the cell walls make it difficult for bacteria to be Gram Stained
Name the phase where the cell walls make it difficult for bacteria to be Gram Stained
Death/Decline Phase - The cell walls aren't as "fresh", so they can't absorb the dyes and possibly give false results (ex. stain as gram + when the bacteria is gram -)
What does it mean to Directly Count?
What does it mean to Directly Count?
Count the amount of bacteria under a microscope
Thermus aquaticus belongs to which organism class of temperature?
Thermus aquaticus belongs to which organism class of temperature?
Hyperthermophile - Organisms in this temperature class live in enrivonments such as volcanoes, hot springs, etc. as they prefer >80oC
Name 3 environmental factors that affect Microbial Growth
Name 3 environmental factors that affect Microbial Growth
- Temperature
- pH
- Salt
- Oxygen level
Most bacterium we work with in lab are this organism class of temperature
Most bacterium we work with in lab are this organism class of temperature
Mesophiles - Organisms in this temperature class prefer 25-40oC, and regular human body temperature is included in this range so most bacteria that cause harm to us are mesophiles
Name the application/reason why measuring bacterial numbers is beneficial
Name the application/reason why measuring bacterial numbers is beneficial
Allows medical personnel to estimate severity of UTI's
Explain why the process of conjugation is harmful
Explain why the process of conjugation is harmful
Bacteria are able to pass information, contained within plasmids, for antibiotic resistance (ex. genes) and toxins which aids in their virulence factor, making them harder to eradicate (kill).
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